RESUMO
Resumen Para los próximos 100 años se pronostica un incremento en la temperatura del planeta de casi 4 °C, lo cual pondrá en riesgo las especies que no logren adaptarse. En esta investigación se determinaron las respuestas morfofisiológicas de F. mexicana y los cambios en la población de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno atmosférico (BFN) asociadas a sus raíces, debido a dos condiciones ambientales con diferencias medias de temperatura de 5.1 oC: invernadero (temperatura alta, TA) y campo abierto (temperatura baja, TB); y con cuatro tratamientos: sin inocular (T), inoculadas con la cepa ocho (CP8), cepa cuatro (CP4) y con ambas cepas (CP8 + 4). Las BFN fueron aisladas de la rizosfera de F. mexicana y transformadas genéticamente con reporteros, para cuantificar la población al final del experimento. Se midió el peso seco de la parte aérea y la raíz, la tasa de asimilación de CO2 (A), el inicio de la floración, el número de flores y frutos; y la persistencia de las bacterias fijadoras de N atmosférico (BFN). Además, se evaluó la concentración de NO3, NH4, P y materia orgánica (MO) en el sustrato, al inicio y final del experimento. Las plantas sometidas a alta temperatura presentaron mayor peso seco de la parte aérea y fotosíntesis; con una disminución en el peso seco de la raíz, y en el número de flores y frutos. La MO en el sustrato disminuyó, mientras que la disponibilidad de NO3, NH4 y P aumentó. El incremento de temperatura y la mayor presencia de N en el substrato provocaron reducción en la población de BFN. Estos resultados sugieren que temperaturas altas estimulan el crecimiento de F. mexicana y tienen un impacto negativo sobre su reproducción y en las BFN asociadas a sus raíces.(AU)
Abstract The earth could experience a warming of 4 °C in the next one hundred years. This would put at risk the plants that can´t adapt. Fragaria mexicana is an endemic plant of temperate forest of Mexico. The response of this wild strawberry to temperature increasing has not been studied and could play an important role for event of global warming. This study determinate the morphological and physiological responses of F. mexicana and changes in the N2-fixing bacteria (BFN) population on its roots, due to two environmental conditions with differences of temperature 5.1 °C: greenhouse (high temperature, TA) and open land (low temperature, TB); and with four free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN) treatments: non-inoculated (T), inoculated with strain eight (CP8), strain four (CP4), and strains eight and four mixed (CP8 + 4). BFN were isolated from the rhizosphere of F. mexicana and were genetically transformed with reporters to quantify the population at the end of the experiment. NO3, NH4 and P and organic matter (MO) in the substrate were determined at beginning and finish of the experiment. Shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic rate, flowering and fructification starting, flowers and fruits number, were measured. Shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate were lower in TB than TA, decreasing 3.1 g and 0.94 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. Root dry weight was 3.0 g less in TA compared with TB. Number flowers decrease in 40.89 % and number fruits in 38.11 % on TA than TB. F. mexicana plants start flowering 14 days previously in TB than TA. MO in the substrate decrease in TA, while the concentration of NO3, NH4 and P, increased. Population of BFN was lower in TA. Results obtained indicated that higher temperature promotes the growth of F. mexicana and reduce its reproduction and BNF population associated with its roots.(AU)
Assuntos
Fotossíntese , Matéria Orgânica , Aquecimento Global , Bactérias Fixadoras de Nitrogênio , MéxicoRESUMO
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a biological alternative for the sustainable management of Capsicum annuum L. This research work evaluated the effects of both PGPR and AMF on bell pepper and jalapeno pepper plants. Five bacterial strains isolated from several locations in Estado de Mexico were used: [P61 (Pseudomonas tolaasii), A46 (P. tolaasii), R44 (Bacillus pumilus), BSP1.1 (Paenibacillus sp.), and OLs-Sf5 (Pseudomonas sp.)], and three treatments with AMF [H1 (consortium isolated from pepper crops in the State of Puebla), H2 (Rhizophagus intraradices), and H3 (consortium isolated from the rhizosphere of lemon trees, State of Tabasco)]. In addition, a fertilized treatment (Steiner nutrient solution at 25%) and an unfertilized control were included. Seedlings of "Caloro" jalapeno pepper and "California Wonder" bell pepper were inoculated with AMF at seed sowing, and PGPR were inoculated after 15 days of seedling emergence; seedlings were grown under plant growth chamber conditions. P61 bacterium and H1 AMF consortia were the most effective microorganisms for jalapeno pepper whereas R44 bacterium and AMF H3 and H1 were the most effective for bell peppers, when compared to the unfertilized control. Furthermore, P61 and R44 bacteria showed beneficial effects on PSII efficiency.
Assuntos
Capsicum , Micorrizas , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II , Capsicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Capsicum/fisiologia , México , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas , PlântulaRESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la capacidad de crecimiento y remoción de fenantreno (FEN) por el helecho Azolla caroliniana, utilizando bioaumentación con microorganismos hidrocarbonoclastas. A. caroliniana fue seleccionada de entre cuatro colectas de Azolla de México, por su tolerancia a concentraciones crecientes de FEN. Posteriormente, A. caroliniana fue expuesta a tres concentraciones de FEN: 20, 40 y 60mg·l-1, e/o inoculada con el complejo microbiano Bacillus stearothermophilus y Oscillatoria sp. (BST+OSC) con tolerancia in vitro a 100mg FEN·l-1 de medio de cultivo. A los 49 días después de la inoculación (DDI), la mayor producción de materia seca se presentó en el tratamiento con 20mg FEN y en el que se aplicó bioaumentación con BST+OSC en presencia de 40mg FEN. Ambos tratamientos superaron en 19,7% al testigo. Los tratamientos con mayor producción de materia seca presentaron mayor actividad nitrogenasa (7-12nmol C2H4·g-1·h-1), mientras que la menor actividad se observó en los tratamientos con 60mg FEN (3-4nmol C2H4·g-1·h-1). La menor remoción de FEN (45%) se observó en A. caroliniana sin BST+OSC con 20mg FEN; en contraste, la mayor remoción (80%) se presentó en A. caroliniana inoculada y/o sin inocular en presencia de 60mg FEN. Este trabajo es uno de los primeros reportes del efecto negativo de FEN sobre el crecimiento de Azolla y su microsimbionte, así como del potencial de remediación de FEN por A. caroliniana mediante el uso de bioaumentación.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of Azolla caroliniana to grow and to dissipate phenanthrene (PHE) by using bioaugmentation with hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms. A. caroliniana was selected from four Mexican strains based on its tolerance to increasing concentrations of PHE. Afterwards, A. caroliniana was exposed to PHE concentrations of 20, 40 and 60mg·l-1 and/or inoculated with the microbial consortium conformed by Bacillus stearothermophilus and Oscillatoria sp. (BST+OSC), strains previously tested for their tolerance to 100mg PHE·l-1. After 49 days, the higher dry mass production was observed at the treatment with 20mg PHE and at that with BST+OSC in presence of 40mg PHE·l-1; both treatments had 19.7% more dry mass than the control. Treatments with higher dry mass production also had higher nitrogenase activity (7-12nmolC2H4·g-1·h-1), whereas the lowest activity was observed at the treatments with 60mg PHE (3-4nmol C2H4·g-1·h-1). The lowest PHE dissipation (45%) was observed in A. caroliniana without BST+OSC in the presence of 20mg PHE; in contrast, the highest PHE dissipation (80%) was observed with A. caroliniana, either inoculated or not, when in presence of 60mg PHE. This is one of the first reports describing the negative effects of PHE on the growth of Azolla and its microsymbiont, as well as the potential of A. caroliniana for the dissipation of PHE with or without bioaugmentation.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a capacidade de crescimento e remoção de fenantreno (FEN) pela Azolla Caroliniana (Azolla caroliniana), utilizando bioaumentação com microorganismos hidrocarbonoclásticas. A. caroliniana foi selecionada de entre quatro coletas de Azolla de México, por sua tolerância a concentrações crescentes de FEN. Posteriormente, A. caroliniana foi exposta a três concentrações de FEN: 20, 40 e 60 mg·l-1, e/ou inoculada com o complexo microbiano Bacillus stearothermophilus e Oscillatoria sp. (BST+OSC) com tolerância in vitro a 100mg FEN·l-1 de meio de cultivo. Aos 49 dias depois da inoculação (DDI), a maior produção de matéria seca apresentou-se no tratamento com 20mg FEN e naquele onde foi aplicada bioaumentação com BST+OSC na presença de 40mg FEN. Ambos tratamentos superaram em 19,7% ao testemunha. Os tratamentos com maior produção de matéria seca apresentaram maior atividade nitrogenase (7-12nmol C2H4·g-1·h-1), enquanto que a menor atividade foi observada nos tratamentos com 60mg FEN (3-4nmol C2H4·g-1·h-1). Observou-se a menor remoção de FEN (45%) em A. caroliniana sem BST+OSC com 20mg FEN; em contraposição, apresentou-se a maior remoção (80%) em A. caroliniana inoculada e/ou sem inocular na presença de 60mg FEN. Este trabalho e um dos primeiros relatórios a respeito do efeito negativo de FEN sobre o crescimento de Azolla e seu microsimbionte, assim como do potencial de remediação de FEN por A. caroliniana mediante o uso de bioaumentação.
